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Basic Knowledge of Real Estate
房地产基础专业知识
1. Real Estate: Refers to the collective term for real estate and land (also known as real property).
1、房地产：指房产和地产的总称（又称不动产）。
2. Three forms of existence of real estate:
2、房地产的三种存在形态：
Pure land, pure buildings, and a combination of land and buildings.
单纯的土地、单纯的房屋、土地房屋的综合体
3. Characteristics of real estate:
3、房地产的特征：
a. Fixed location (land cannot be moved, buildings cannot be moved);
a、房地产位置的固定性（土地不可移，房屋也不可动）；
b. Regional differences (the value of each piece of real estate is different);
b、房地产地域的差别性（每宗房地产的价值都不同）；
c. High value and durability (expensive price, permanent land);
c、房地产的高值、耐久性（价格贵、土地永久的）；
d. Preservation and appreciation of real estate (devaluation of currency, preservation of real estate value, appreciation of currency, appreciation of real estate);
d、房地产的保值、增值性（货币贬值、房产保值、货币增值、房产增值）；
4. Property: Refers to the total term for buildings and their rights (possession, use, income, disposal, etc. of rights).
4、房产：是房屋及其权利的总称（占有、使用、收益、处分等权利）。
5. Classification of buildings:
5、房屋分类：
a. Function: Residential buildings (neighborhoods, high-end residences), industrial buildings (factories, warehouses), commercial buildings (store fronts, shopping malls), office buildings (office buildings), administrative buildings (military, schools, etc. units and cities);
a、功能用途：居住用房（小区、高品住宅）、工业用房（厂房、仓库）、商业用房（门面、商场）、办公用房（写字楼）、行政用房（军事、学校等单位用房及城市）；
b. Building structure: Steel structure, reinforced concrete structure, brick-concrete structure, brick and wood structure, and others;
b、建筑结构：钢结构、钢筋混凝土结构、砖混结构、砖木结构和其他；
c. Ownership: Public housing (directly managed public housing and self-managed public housing, etc.) and private housing.
c、所有权归属：公房（直管公房和自管公房等）和私房；
6. Real Estate: Refers to the total term for land and its rights (use, income, transfer, etc. of rights).
6、地产：是土地及其权利的总称（使用、收益、转让等权利）。
7. Land classification:
7、土地分类：
a. Development and utilization: Raw land and developed land;
a、开发利用：生地和熟地；
b. Building function: Building land and non-building land;
b、建筑功能：建筑用地和非建筑用地；
c. Uses: Residential land, commercial service land, industrial land, storage land, municipal public facilities land, transportation land, green space land, special land, etc.;
c、用途：居住用地、商业服务用地、工业用地、仓储用地、市政公共设施用地、交通用地、绿化用地、特殊用地等；
8. Real Estate Industry: Refers to the industry engaged in real estate development, operation, management and services.
8、房地产业：指从事房产开发、经营、管理和服务的行业。
Includes:
包括：
a. Land development;
a、土地开发；
b. Building construction, maintenance, management;
b、房屋建设、维修、管理；
c. Paid allocation and transfer of land use rights;
c、土地使用权的有偿划拔、转让；
d. Purchase and lease of real estate ownership;
d、房屋所有权的买卖、租赁；
e. Real estate mortgage loans;
e、房地产抵押贷款；
f. Real estate market;
f、房地产市场；
9. Land Use Rights: Refers to the right of the land owner to utilize the land according to the land classification (refers to the right to operate, utilize and obtain income of the land in accordance with the law).
9、土地使用权：就是土地所有者根据土地分类对土地加以利用的权利（指依法对土地经营、利用和收益的权利）。
The land ownership system adopts two forms: collective ownership and state ownership.
土地公有制采取了两种形式：即集体所有制和国家所有制。
a) Rural land adopts collective ownership, belonging to the farmers' collective;
a）农村土地采用了集体所有制，属于农民集体所有；
b) Urban land adopts the form of state ownership, belonging to the entire people;
b）城市土地采取国家所有制的形式，属于全民所有；
no individual can obtain the ownership of land.
任何个人不能取得土地的所有权。
The way of obtaining land use rights:
土地使用获得的方式：
Allocation: Free use, such as municipal construction projects like schools, hospitals, military land, airports, etc.;
划拔：无偿使用，如学校、医院、军事用地、机场等市政建设工程；
Transfer: Obtained the right to use land from the state through paid means, methods: agreement (such as 200-250 million per acre), bidding (set the bottom price, obtain based on the use purpose and price), auction (the highest bidder wins, under no illegal circumstances, obtain through formal channels);
出让：从国家有偿取得使用权，方式：协议（如200-250万／亩）、招标（提出底价，根据使用用途和价格取得）、拍卖（价高者竟得，不违法的前提下，通过正规渠道取得）；
10. Real Estate Market:
10、房地产市场：
a. Primary market: With land as the body (also called land market, land transaction market);
a、一级市场：以土地为体（亦称土地市场、土地交易市场）；
b. Secondary market: After developers obtain the land, they invest a certain bonus to build, through paid or gift transfer the property rights to the demanders (the market for the sale and purchase of new commercial buildings);
b、二级市场：开发商获得土地后，投入一定的奖金建设，通过有偿或赠与将产权转买给需求者（新建商品房的买卖市场）；
c. Tertiary market: The secondary circulation of buildings in the consumption market, including: purchase, mortgage, transfer, lease (second-hand houses);
c、三级市场：房屋在消费市场的再次流通，包括：买卖、抵押、转让、租凭（二手房）；
A summary table of the structure of the real estate market:
房地产市场结构善一览表：
Market title Primary market
市场称谓
Secondary market
一级市场
The secondary market Title
二级市场
Land Use Right Transfer Market
三级市场
Land Use Right Sale Market, Incremental Commercial Housing Market, Housing Primary Market, etc.
称谓
Land Use Right Sale Market, Existing Commercial Housing Market, Second-hand Housing Market, Housing Secondary Market, etc.
土地使用权出让市场
Market Participants
土地使用权转让市场、增量商品房市场、住房一级市场等
Government, Development Enterprises (Investors)
土地使用权转让市场、存量商品房市场、二手房市场、住房二级市场等
Development Enterprises, Owners
市场主体
Owners
政府、开发企业（投资者）
Market Objects
开发企业、业主
State-owned Land Use Right
业主
Incremental Commercial Housing
市场客体
Existing Commercial Housing, Sold Old Public Buildings, Private Houses
国有土地使用权
Transaction Methods
增量商品房
Auction, Bidding, Agreement
存量商品房、已售旧公房、私房
Sale, Lease, etc.
交易方式
Purchase, Rental, etc.
拍卖、招标、协议
11. Land Use Right Transfer: It refers to the act where the state, as the land owner, according to the specified land use period, purpose and urban planning conditions, grants the land use right to the land user and collects the land use right transfer fee from the land user.
出售、出租等
The two parties in the transfer transaction are the state and the land user or individual.
买卖、租赁、交换等
12. Land Property Rights: Include land ownership, above-ground rights, easement rights, mortgage rights, pledge rights, lease rights.
11、土地使用权出让：指国家以土地所有者身份，按指定地块的使用年限、用途和城市规划等条件，将城市土地使用权出让给土地使用者，并向土地使用者收取土地使用权出让金的行为。
Above-ground Rights: The right to build houses on someone else's land in exchange for rent.
出让交易双方是国家和用地单位或个人。
Its essence is land use right;
12、土地产权：包括土地所有权、地上权、地役权、抵押权、典权、租赁权。
Easement Rights: The right to use someone else's land for oneself;
地上权：指以支付租金为代价在他人土地上建筑房屋的权利，它的实质就是土地使用权；
Mortgage Rights: The right of the land user to obtain bank loans or other guarantees by using the land as collateral during the valid use period;
地役权：指利用他人土地供自己使用的权利；
Lease Rights: The right of the land user to lease the land to others for use during the valid use period to obtain income, and the tenant obtains the lease right of this piece of land;
抵押权：指土地使用权获得者在其有效的使用期限内有以土地作抵押获取银行贷款或其他担保的权利；
13. Land Use Period: It refers to the period during which the state grants the land use right to the land user and both parties agree on the period during which the land user can use it.
租赁权：指土地使用权获得者在其有效使用期限内将土地租给他人使用以获取收益，承租人即取得该块土地的租赁权；
1) Land Use Right Transfer Period:
13、土地使用年限：指国家将土地使用权出让给土地使用者，双方约定土地使用者可以使用的年限。
a. Residential land 70 years;
1）土地使用权出让年限：
b. Industrial land, education, science and technology, culture, health, sports and other land 50 years;
a、居住用地70年；
c. Commercial, tourism, entertainment land 40 years;
b、工业用地、教育、科技、文化卫生、体育及综合或其他用地50年；
PS: If the use purpose needs to be converted, the difference in land price for the additional period shall be paid.
c、商业、旅游、娱乐用地40年；
If specified by the state, it shall be implemented accordingly;
PS：使用用途需转换的要补年限地价的差价，国家指定的则遵照执行；
2) What to do after the expiration of the land use period:
2）土地使用年限到期后如何处理：
a. The state has the right to unconditionally reclaim the land;
a、国家有权无条件的收回该土地；
b. The building entity is inspected by the quality control department and is not a dangerous building;
b、建筑主体经质控部门检验后不属危房；
c. The existence of the project does not affect urban planning or urban appearance. As long as the land transfer fee is paid to the government, it can continue to be used.
c、项目的存在不影响城市规划，不影响市容，只要向政府缴纳土地出让金可以继续使用。
PS: If b and c are completely present, purchase the land use period at the current land price, and the period shall be stipulated by the government; otherwise, unconditionally reclaim;
PS：b、c条完全存在的情况下，以当时的地价购买使用年限，年限由政府规定，否则无条件收回；
14. Commercial Housing: The developer acquires the land use right through the market land price, conducts development and construction, and obtains approval from the land and resources bureau to circulate on the market. It is an immovable asset that can be transferred, leased, inherited, mortgaged, exchanged after obtaining the property certificate.
14、商品房：开发商以市场地价取得土地使用权后进行开发建设，并经国土局批准在市场上流通的房地产，它是在获取房产证后，可自行转让、出租、继承、抵押、交换的固定资产。
Property Types of Commercial Housing: Residential, Office Building, Mall, Hotel, Market.
商品房的物业类型：住宅、写字楼、商场、酒店、市场。
15. Pre-sale System of Commercial Housing: Five Certificates and Two Books
15、商品房的预售制度：五证二书
Five Certificates: , , ,
五证：〈国有土地使用证〉、〈建设用地规划许可证〉、〈建设工程规划许可证〉、
,
〈建设工程施工许可证〉、〈商品房预售许可证〉
Two Books: , , the two books can be supplementary agreements of the commercial housing sales contract and are legal documents and guarantee documents provided by the real estate developer to the buyer when delivering the commercial housing for use, undertaking quality responsibility for the commercial housing residence.
二书：〈质量保证书〉、〈使用说明书〉、两书可以作为商品房买卖合同的补充约定，并且是房地产开发企业在商品房交付使用时向购房人提供的对商品房住宅承担质量责任的法律文件和保证文件。
16. Abandoned Building: A building that has stopped construction halfway and is not completed.
16、烂尾楼：指未能完成施工中途停建的楼盘。
The main reasons for the abandonment of the building include insufficient funds, serious quality problems in design and construction, very construction, etc.
造成楼盘烂尾的原因主要有资金不足、设计、施工存在严重质量问题，非常建设等。
17. Plot of Building: A building that has started construction but has not been completed.
17、楼花：指已经动工建造，但尚未建成的楼宇、房屋。
It refers to the building on the drawing, at the initial stage of construction, with a long time until the delivery date, a favorable price, and can be resold after purchase, making a profit.
即指图纸上的楼宇，处于建筑施工的最初阶段，离交房时间长，价格优惠，买了后又可转卖，赚差价。
18. Speculating on Plot of Building: Buying an unfinished building.
18、炒楼花：买卖尚未建筑好的房屋。
(Nowadays, the government has regulations that state that commercial housing cannot be transferred within 5 years and a 5% business tax must be paid. This is done to control real estate speculation.)
（现在政府有规定，商品房5年内不许转让，交5％的营业税，为了控制炒房）
19. Pre-sale Property: Refers to commercial housing that meets the conditions for pre-sale but has not yet been completed and delivered.
19、期房：指具备预售条件，尚未竣工交付使用的商品房。
(Low price, wide selection, complete floor plans, and the ability to monitor building materials and quality.)
（价格低、选择空间大、户型齐全、可监督建筑材料、质量）
20. Completed Property: Refers to commercial housing that has been inspected by the quality supervision department and obtained a quality certificate, and can be delivered for use.
20、现房：指已经工程质量监督部门验收，并取得质量合格证明文件，可以交付使用的商品房。
(Can be occupied immediately upon purchase, high price, outdated floor plans, and limited selection options.)
（即买即入住、价格高、户型过时、选择空间不大）
21. Affordable Housing: Refers to commercial housing sold at a slightly profitable price to middle and low-income families (a type of residential property with social security characteristics, having both economic and practicality).
21、经济适用房：指以微利价出售给广大中低收入家庭的商品房（带有社会保障性质的商品住宅，是有经济性和适用性）。
Not everyone can purchase it. It must meet the conditions set by the local government and be purchased through a lottery system.
不是人人可以买到，必须符合当地政府所规定的条件，经过排号购买。
In Changsha, those over 25 years old can purchase at an economic price for 65 square meters or less, and at a commercial price for more than 65 square meters, and it can only be resold after 5 years.)
长沙房口，25岁以上，65㎡以内以经济价购买，65㎡以外以商品房价购买，5年后才能转卖）。
22. Second-hand Property: Refers to a property that has completed the property ownership certificate and is being transferred again.
22、二手房：办好产权证，进行再次转让的房屋。
Others include: public housing, private housing, cooperative housing, low-rent housing, and resettlement housing (welfare housing).
其他如：公房、私房、集资房、廉租房、安置房等福利房。
23. Deposit: Refers to the amount of money that the developer collects from the customer before obtaining the pre-sale permit (generally, the developer can offer a discount promise).
23、诚意金：指商品房在未取得预售证之前，开发商收取客户的可退回的款项（一般可以获得开发商的折扣承诺）。
24. Deposit: Refers to the certain amount of money that one party agrees to pay to the other party as a guarantee for the creditor (can guarantee the creditor's rights) and cannot be returned.
24、定金：指当事人约定由一方向对方付给的作为债权人担保的一定数额的货币（能担保债权人的作用）不能返还。
25. Deposit: Does not guarantee the creditor's rights and can be returned.
25、订金：不能担保债权人的作用，能返还。
26. Entrance Hall: The first door that one enters when entering the house, the area where the door opens.
26、玄关：登堂入室的第一张门进去的地方，开门区域。
27. Apartment: Refers to a building with more than 2 floors, providing housing for multiple households.
27、公寓：指2层以上，供多户人家居住的建筑。
28. Pure Office Building: A building specifically designed for various companies to provide daily office activities.
28、纯办公楼：专为各类公司日常运作提供办公活动的大楼。
29. Comprehensive Building: A building that integrates living, working, shopping, and gathering in one place.
29、综合楼：居家、办公、商场、集合一体的大楼。
30. Commercial and Residential Housing: SOHO, living, and working integrated.
30、商住住宅：SOHO，居家，办公于一体。
31. Villa: Refers to a garden-style residence built in the suburbs or scenic areas for relaxation and accommodation, including TOWRHOUSE (attached villas, single-row villas).
31、别墅：指在郊外或风景区建造的供休养，住宿用的花园住宅，TOWRHOUSE（联体别墅、单排别墅）。
32. Shopping Mall: A commercial area that integrates shopping, entertainment, and leisure, such a commercial area originated in the United States (also known as the sixth business format).
32、SHOPPINGMALL：一站式购物，集购物、娱乐、休闲为一体的这么一个商业区域，起源于美国（也称第六商业业态）。
33. Property Management: Refers to the behavior where a professional company or institution accepts the commission of the owner (or user) to conduct professional management of the property and provide efficient and thoughtful services to the owner (or user).
33、物业管理：指由专业公司或机构，接受业主（或使用人）的委托，对物业实话专业化管理，并向业主（或使用人）提供高效、周到服务的行为。
34. Property Management Contents: Management and maintenance of the house and its affiliated equipment;
34、物业管理内容：对房屋及其附属设备管理、维修；
management of cleaning, security, public greening, public facilities, roads, etc. in the property area;
对房屋区域内的清洁卫生、安全保卫、公共绿化、公用设施、道路等实施管理；
provision of other comprehensive or special services to the owner.
向业主提供其他综合性或特约的服务等。
Property management falls under the category of community management.
物业管理属社区管理范畴。
35. Owners' Assembly: Refers to an organization formed by all the owners in the property management area, having the decision-making power for the property management in this area.
35、业主大会：指由物业管理区域内全体业主组成的，对本区域内物业管理具有决定权的组织形式。
36. Owners' Representative Assembly: Refers to an organization formed by the representatives of the owners in the property management area, having the decision-making power for the property management in this area.
36、业主代表大会：由物业管理区域内业主代表组成的对本区域内物业管理具有决定权的组织。
37. Owners' Committee: Refers to an organization formed by the representatives of the owners in the property management area, representing all the owners to implement self-governance management of the property, and elected by the owners' representative assembly or the representatives of the owners.
37、业主委员会：由物业管理区域内业主代表组成，代表全体业主对物业实施自治管理的组织，由业主代表大会或业主代表选举产生。
38. One-time Payment: Refers to the payment method where the buyer pays the entire purchase price to the seller unit without enjoying the policy-based loan. (Without enjoying the policy-based loan, the buyer pays the full purchase price to the seller unit at one time.)
38、一次性付款：指购房户在购买商品房时，在没有享受政策性贷款的情况下，将全部买房款一次性付给售房单位的付款方式。
39. Installment Payment: After signing the contract, the buyer divides the purchase price into several proportions and pays the house price in installments according to the time period or construction progress (for pre-sale property). When the house is delivered, the full payment is made.
39、分期付款：购房者签约后，将购房款分成若干比例，按时间段或按施工进度分批交纳房款（针对期房），交房时，款项全部付清。
40. Bank Mortgage: Refers to the method of obtaining a house loan based on the house contract or property ownership as collateral.
40、银行按揭：指以购房合同或房屋产权作抵押获得购房贷款的方式。
When a buyer purchases a property, they submit a guarantee document to the bank. After the bank's review is approved, the buyer can obtain a portion of the total loan for the house, according to the mortgage agreement. The buyer is required to repay the loan principal and interest to the bank on a regular basis and within a specified period, and provide real estate as collateral for the loan repayment (general purchase contracts and property certificates are used as collateral; for houses: 70% for 20 years; for storefronts: 50% for 10 years or 6 years and 10 years).
即购房者在购房时，向银行提出担保的质押文件，在银行审核通过后，取得房屋总价的部分贷款，依抵押约定，按期按时间段向银行偿还贷款本息，并提供房地产作为偿还贷款的担保（一般的购房合同和产权证作为抵押，住房：七成二十年；门面：五成十年或六年十年）。
41. Housing Provident Fund: "Full name: Housing Provident Fund", refers to the funds that state organs, state-owned enterprises, urban collective enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, urban private enterprises and other urban enterprises and their employed workers deposit in accordance with national regulations, specifically used for housing consumption (storefronts are not included).
41、公积金：“全称住房公积金”，指城镇住房制度改革中，国家机关、国有企业、城镇集体企业、外商投资企业、城镇私营企业及其他城镇企事业单位及其在职职工按国家规定缴存的，专项用于住房消费的资金（门面不行）。
Deposit ratio: shall not be lower than 5% of the employee's average monthly salary in the previous year. In cities with conditions, the deposit ratio can be appropriately increased;
缴存比例：均不得低于职工上一年度月平均工资的5％，有条件的城市，可以适当提高缴存比例；
Deposit method: one is by individual deposit;
缴存方式：一是由职工个人缴存；
the other is by the employer's deposit.
二是由职工所在单位缴存；
42. Personal Housing Provident Fund Loan: refers to the employee who has participated in the housing provident fund system, when purchasing, building, renovating or major repairing self-occupied housing, due to insufficient funds, wishes to use the newly purchased or other housing property as collateral to apply for a loan from the housing provident fund management center.
42、个人住房公积金贷款：指参加了住房公积金制度的职工，在购买、建筑、翻建和大修自住住房时，因资金不足愿以新购或其他住房产权作抵押而向住房公积金管理中心申请的贷款。
43. Stamp Duty: refers to the one-time tax levied by the property owner when the property ownership changes, based on a certain percentage of the property price (ordinary residences: 2%; non-ordinary residences: 4%).
43、契税：指房屋所有权发生变更时，就当事人所订契约，按房价的一定比例，向产权承受人征收的一次性税收（普通住宅：2％、非普通住宅：4％）。
44. Public Maintenance Fund: refers to the maintenance fund for the public areas and facilities of residences and buildings (ordinary residences: 2%; elevators and storefronts: 3%).
44、公共维修基金：指住宅、楼房的公共部位和公共设施设备的维修养护基金（普通住宅：2％；电梯房、门面：3％）。
45. Raw Land: refers to undeveloped agricultural land or wasteland that has not yet been transformed into construction land conditions.
45、生地：指未经开发，尚未开成建设用地条件的农地或荒地。
46. Starting Price: that is, the lowest sales price of all available properties of the property (generally refers to the prices of buildings with poor layouts, orientations, and layouts, with differences of tens to hundreds of yuan between each floor).
46、起价：即“起步价”是指物业所有房源中的最低销售价格（一般指户型、朝向、格局不好的楼房价格，各层的差价几十～几百元）。
47. Base Price: that is, the basic price per square meter of the commercial housing determined through calculation.
47、基价：即“基础价”指经过核算而确定的每平方米商品房的基本价格。
It is in reference to the pricing method of real estate and has no relation to the starting price (prices vary with floor, orientation, etc.).
是针对房地产定价方法而言的，与起步价没有关系（楼层、朝向不同价格也不同）。
48. Average Price: that is, the average sales price of the property, the sum of the sales prices of all units of the property divided by the sum of the unit building areas, can obtain the average price per square meter).
48、均价：即物业的平均销售价格，将本物业各套房子的销售价格相加之后的和除以各单位建筑面积的和数，即可得出每平方米的均价）。
49. Cost Price: refers to the price of selling public housing during the housing system reform, determined based on the average cost of building public housing.
49、成本价：指住房制度改革中，出售公有住房时按照建筑公有住宅的平均成本测定的价格。
Including: A. Land acquisition and demolition compensation fees;
包括：A、征地和拆迁补偿费；
B. Surveying, design and preliminary engineering fees;
B、勘察设计和前期工程费；
C. Construction and installation engineering fees;
C、建安工程费；
D. Infrastructure construction fees of residential areas;
D、住宅小区基础设施建设费；
E. Management fees;
E、管理费；
F. Loan interest;
F、贷款利息；
G. Taxes;
G、税金；
II. Basic Construction Knowledge:
二、建筑基础知识：
1. Three-way connection and one-level leveling: refers to the connection of water supply, power supply, road access and land leveling during land development.
1、三通一平：是指在土地开发时进行的通水、通电、通路、土地平整。
2. Seven-way connection and one-level leveling: water supply, drainage, electricity, communication, gas, heat, road access and land leveling.
2、七通一平：给水、排水、电力、通讯、燃气、热力、道路通和土地平整。
3. Land area: the area within the red line.
3、占地面积：红线范围内的面积。
4. Building area: the total external horizontal projection area of each floor of the building, including balconies, verandas, basements, outdoor stairs, etc.
4、建筑面积：指建筑物外墙（柱）勒脚以上各层外围水平投影面积之和，包括阳台、挑廊、地下室、室外楼梯等。
5. Sales Area: refers to the sales area of commercial housing sold by unit, which is the sum of the unit internal building area and the shared building area to be allocated.
5、销售面积：指商品房按套出售，其销售面积为购房者所购买的套内建筑面积与应分摊面积的共有建筑面积之和。
6. Use Area: refers to the net area directly used by the residents in each floor (in property sales, use area is generally not used to calculate the price).
6、使用面积：指住宅各层面平中，直接供住户生活使用的净面积之和（在住房买卖中，一般不采用使用面积来计算价格）。
7. Common area standard: It refers to the area of public building spaces that should be allocated and included in the sales area of commercial housing. It consists of two parts: 1) Indoor and outdoor stairs, internal corridors, public lobbies, passageways, elevators, power distribution rooms, equipment floors, equipment rooms, structural transition floors, technical floors, air conditioning rooms, fire control rooms, duty guard rooms within the building, garbage rooms within the building, and stairwells, elevator machine rooms, water tank rooms on the roof with enclosing structures;
7、公摊面积标准：指商品房销售中应分摊计入销售面积的商品房中公共建筑空间的面积，由两部分组成：一）室内外楼梯、内外廊、公共门厅、通道、电梯、配电房、设备层、设备用房、结构转换层、技术层、空调机房、消防控制室、为整栋楼层服务的值班警卫室，建筑物内的垃圾房以及突出屋面有围护结构的楼梯间、电梯机房、水箱间等；
2) The partition between the unit and the public building space, and the horizontal projected area of the exterior wall (including gable walls).
二）套单元与公用建筑空间之间的分隔以及外墙（包括山墙）墙体水平投影面积。
Common area allocation coefficient: Common area area / Sum of unit area and floor area.
公用建筑面积分摊系数：公用建筑面积／套内建筑面积之和。
8. Practical area: The balance after deducting the common area from the total area.
8、实用面积：建筑面积扣除公共分摊面积后的余额。
9. Rental area: Residential buildings are calculated based on the usable area, while non-residential buildings are calculated based on the total area.
9、计租面积：住宅用房按使用面积计算，非住宅用房按建筑面积计算。
10. Floor area within the unit: It refers to the total area of each part within the commercial housing.
10、套内建筑面积：指商品房套内各部分建筑面积的总和。
Floor area within the unit = Usable area within the unit + Wall area within the unit + Balcony area
套内建筑面积＝套内使用面积＋套内墙体面积＋阳台建筑面积
Floor area within the unit = Usable area within the unit / Standard floor area coefficient
套内建筑面积＝套内使用面积／标准层的使用面积系数
11. Floor ratio: Total area / Total land area (The floor ratio for multi-story buildings is approximately 3, for high-rise buildings it is 5, for super high-rise buildings it is 7, for villas it is around 0.3 - 0.45, the lower the floor ratio, the better the living environment, the higher the unit price, and the higher the quality; the higher the floor ratio, the lower the unit price and the lower the quality)
11、容积率：总建筑面积／总用地面积（多层容积率大致为3，高层为5，超高层为7，别墅为0.3-0.45左右、容积率越低，居家环境越好、单价高、品质高；容积率越高，单价低、品质低）
12. Building density: Sum of base areas / Total land area * 100%
12、建筑密度：基底面积之和／总占地面积＊100％
13. Greening rate: The ratio of the green area within the project's planned construction land to the planned construction land area.
13、绿化率：指项目规划建设用地范围内的绿化面积与规划建设用地面积之比。
Formula: Vertical area of vegetation / Total area of the land
公式：植被垂直面积／占地面积
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