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I. Concepts Related to Real Estate
一、房地产相关概念
(1) Definition of Real Estate: Real estate is also known as immovable property. It refers to land, buildings, and the parts that are firmly attached to the land and buildings and cannot be separated.
(一) 房地产概念:房地产又称不动产,是指土地、建筑物及固着在土地、建筑物上不可分离的部分.
Among these, the parts that cannot be separated, such as trees and plumbing equipment, are included.
其中不可分离的部分,如树木、水暖设备等.
Real estate has three forms of existence:
房地产有三种存在形式:
1. Pure land;
1、 单纯的土地;
2. Simple buildings;
2、 单纯的建筑物;
3. Properties combining land and buildings;
3、 土地与建筑物结合的房产;
(2) Classification of the real estate market: Based on the characteristics of the development, sales and consumption process of real estate, the real estate market can be divided into:
(二) 房地产市场的分类:根据房地产开发,销售与消费过程特点,可以将房地产市场分为:
1. Primary market (land market)
1、 一级市场(土地市场);
2. Secondary market (market for newly built real estate)
2、 二级市场(房地产增量房市场);
3. The secondary market (the real estate resale market)
3、 三级市场(房地产存量房市场);
(III) Land and Land Ownership:
(三) 土地及土地所有权:
1. The concept of land: Generally refers to the ground, the space below the ground and within a certain range above the ground.
1、 土地的概念:一般是指地面、地面以下和地面以上一定范围的空间.
In real life, land is artificially divided and represents a specific area with a defined size.
现实生活中的土地是人为划分的,具有特定面积范围的地域.
2. Public ownership of land: According to the constitution, land ownership is divided into ownership by the entire people (state-owned land) and collective land ownership. Collective land can only be transferred after it is converted into state-owned land, and individuals and units only have the right to use the land.
2、 土地公有制:根据宪法规定,土地所有权分全民所有(国有土地)与集体土地所有权,集体转为国有才能转让,个人和单位只拥有土地的使用权;
3. During the validity period, the land use right can be leased, transferred or mortgaged.
3、 土地使用权在期限内可以出租、转让、抵押.
(4) Methods for obtaining land use rights:
(四) 土地使用权获取方式:
1. Transfer of Land Use Rights:
1、 土地使用权出让:
It refers to the act where the state grants the right to use state-owned land to the land user for a certain period of time, and the land user pays the land use right transfer fee to the state.
指国家将国有土地使用权在一定年限内出让给土地使用者,由土地使用者向国家支付土地使用权出让金的行为;
The transfer of land use rights can be carried out through three methods: bidding, auction, and negotiation between the parties.
土地使用权出让采用招标、拍卖、双方协议三种方式;
For six types of land use (commercial, entertainment, tourism, finance, service industry, and commercial housing), the methods of bidding and auction are adopted;
六类用地(商业、娱乐、旅游、金融、服务业、商品房)采用招标、拍卖的方式;
for old city renovation, the method of negotiation between the parties is used.
旧城改造采用双方协议的方式；
The term of land use rights for state-owned land: 40 years for commercial, tourism and entertainment land;
国有土地使用权出让年限：商业、旅游、娱乐用地40年;
50 years for industrial land, science and education land, culture and sports land, health and sports land, comprehensive or other land;
工业用地、科教、文体、卫生、体育用地、综合或其他用地50年;
70 years for housing land;
住房用地70年;
The term of land use rights for real estate has a direct impact on its value.
房地产的使用权年限对价值有直接影响.
2. Allocation of Land Use Rights:
2、 土地使用权划拨:
It refers to the act where the people's government at or above the county level, in accordance with the law, approves the transfer of the land to the land user after the land user has paid the compensation and resettlement fees, or delivers the land use right to the land user free of charge for use.
指县级以上人民政府依法批准,在土地使用者缴纳补偿、安置等费用后将该幅土地交付其使用,或者将土地使用权无偿交付给土地使用者使用的行为;
If the land use right is obtained through allocation, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations, there is no limit on the duration of use.
以划拨方式取得土地使用权的,除法律、行政法规另有规定外,没有使用期限的限制;
The following land use rights for construction sites are, in fact, indispensable and can be legally approved for allocation by the governments at or above the county level: land for national institutions and military purposes;
下列建设用地的土地使用权,确属必须的,可由县级以上人民政府依法批准划拨: 国家机关用地和军事用地;
Urban infrastructure land and public welfare land;
城市基础设施用地和公益事业用地;
Land for key projects supported by the state, such as energy, transportation, and water conservancy;
国家重点扶持的能源、交通、水利等项目用地;
Other land as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations;
法律、行政法规规定的其他用地;
(5) Architectural Concept
(五) 建筑概念
1. Architecture: The general term for buildings and structures;
1、 建筑:建筑物和构筑物的总称;
2. Narrowly-defined buildings: Refers to various types of houses, structures such as trees, elevators, plumbing equipment, etc.
2、 狭义建筑物:指各类房屋,构筑物如树木、电梯、水暖设备等;
3. Standards for qualified buildings: Practical, economical, and aesthetically pleasing;
3、 合格建筑物的标准:适用、经济、美观;
Applicable features: Safe, waterproof, soundproof, heat insulation and cold insulation, light transmission, complete functions, reasonable space layout.
适用:安全、防水、隔声、保温隔热、采光、功能齐全、空间格局合理;
Economy: Reasonable purchase price, low maintenance and repair costs, low energy consumption for heating and air conditioning.
经济:购置价格合理、维修保养、采暖、空调能耗不高;
Aesthetics: Architectural design, color appeal, harmony with the environment;
美观:建筑造型、色彩美感、与环境协调;
(6) Property Concept
(六) 物业概念
1. Property: In a broad sense, property refers to real estate. In a narrow sense, property includes various types of buildings and their attached equipment, facilities, and related sites.
1、 物业:广义的物业就是房地产,狭义的物业,包括各类房屋及其附属的设备、设施和相关场地;
All types of buildings: They can be building complexes, such as residential communities, or a single residence;
各类房屋:可以是建筑群,如住宅小区,也可以是一幢住宅;
Associated equipment, facilities and related sites: Refers to various indoor and outdoor facilities, municipal public facilities, road traffic, etc., that are compatible with the aforementioned buildings.
附属的设备、设施和相关场地:是指与上述建筑物相配套的室内外各类设施、市政公用设施、道路交通等;
II. House Construction Basics
二、房屋建筑常识
1. Floor Area Ratio:
1、 容积率:
The ratio of the total building area to the total land area is a technical and economic indicator that reflects the degree of land utilization, the intensity of use, and the economic efficiency.
总建筑面积与总用地面积的比值, 反映土地利用程度、使用强度及其经济性的技术经济指标;
Floor area ratio = Total building area ÷ Land area;
容积率=建筑总面积÷用地面积;
Generally speaking: Ordinary residences ≥ 1.0;
一般来讲:普通住宅≥1.0;
Non-ordinary residences < 1.0;
非普通住宅＜1.0;
2. Building Density:
2、 建筑密度:
The proportion of the total area of all building plots within the project site to the total site area.
项目用地范围内各种建筑用地面积总和占总用地面积的比例.
It can also be calculated as the total area of building footprints ÷ total site area, reflecting the vacant land ratio within the building area and the density of buildings.
也可以建筑物基底总面积÷总用地面积,反映建筑用地范围内的空地率和建筑物的密集程度;
3. Greening Rate:
3、 绿化率:
It refers to the ratio of the total area of green space within the project planning land to the total planned construction land area.
指项目规划用地范围内绿化用地总面积占规划建设用地面积的比例;
4. Green Space Ratio:
4、 绿地率:
It describes the ratio of the total area of all green spaces within the residential area to the area of the residential area itself.
描述的是居住区用地范围内各类绿地的总和与居住区用地的比率;
5. Floor Height:
5、 层高:
The height of a residence is measured in "floors", which refers to the distance between the floor surface or floor slab of the lower level and the upper floor level.
住宅高度以“层”为单位计算,是指下层地板面或楼板面到上层楼层面之间的距离.
6. Net height:
6、 净高:
It refers to the distance between the lower floor surface or the upper floor slab surface and the lower surface of the upper floor slab.
指下层地板面或楼板上表面到上层楼板下表面之间的距离.
Net height = Floor height - Floor thickness;
净高=层高-楼板厚度;
7. Depth:
7、 进深:
Refers to the length of a residence, which is the actual length between the front wall and the back wall of an individual house or a residential building. To ensure that residences have good natural lighting and ventilation conditions, currently in many urban residences in China, the depth of the rooms is generally limited to around 5 meters and cannot be arbitrarily expanded.
指住宅的长度,指一间独立的房屋或一幢居住建筑从前墙皮到后墙皮之间的实际长度,为了保证住宅具有良好的自然采光和通风条件,目前我国大量城镇住宅房间的进深一般都限定在5米左右,不能任意扩大.
If the depth of a residence is too large, the interior space far from the doors and windows will have insufficient natural light.
住宅进深过大,就是住宅成为狭长型,距离门窗较远的室内空间自然光线不足,但进深大的住宅可以有效的节约用地;
However, residences with a large depth can effectively save land.
8. Width:
8、 开间:
Refers to the width of a residence, which is the actual distance between one wall surface and another within a single room of a house. The opening width in residential design has strict regulations;
指住宅的宽度,指一间房屋内一面墙皮之间到另一面墙皮之间的实际距离,住宅的开间在住宅设计上有严格的规定;
a smaller opening width can shorten the inter-floor span of the floor slab, enhancing the overall integrity, stability and seismic resistance of the residential structure.
较小的开间范围,可缩短楼板的层间跨度,增强住宅结构的整体性、稳定性和抗震性;
9. Building Area:
9、 建筑面积:
It refers to the horizontal area enclosed by the outer walls of a building.
指建筑物外墙外围所围成空间的水平面积.
It includes the usable living area of the house, the area occupied by walls and columns, the area of stairways and corridors, and other shared areas.
包含了房屋居住可用的实用面积、墙体柱体占地面积、楼梯走道面积、其它公摊面积等;
10. Common Area:
10、公摊面积:
It refers to the total area of the building's stairs, elevator shafts, exterior walls, public lobbies, corridors, equipment rooms, the first-floor lobby, and some other supporting facilities within the community.
指建筑物的楼梯、电梯井、外墙、公共门厅、走道、设备间、首层大堂及小区内其它一些配套设施的面积总和;
11. Usage Area:
11、使用面积:
It is the net usable area for residents' daily life after deducting the shared area and the area occupied by walls and columns from the total building area. It is commonly known as the floor area.
它是建筑面积扣除公摊面积、及墙体柱体所占用的面积后的直接供住户生活的净使用面积,俗称地砖面积;
12. Floor Area:
12、占地面积:
The area occupied by the building foundation and its functions is also known as the red line area.
建筑物基底及其功能需要占用的面积,也叫红线面积;
13. The net building area = Net usable area + Net wall area + Balcony area (Terrace area is calculated as half the area).
13、套内建筑面积=套内使用面积+套内墙体面积+阳台建筑面积(露台面积按半面积计算);
14. Building area = Net building area + Shared area;
14、建筑面积=套内建筑面积+公摊面积;
15. Sales area = Net building area + Shared public building area;
15、销售面积=套内建筑面积+公摊的公用建筑面积;
Commercial housing is sold by "unit" or "block".
商品房按“套”或“单元”出售;
16. Common area floor area = Total building area - Internal area of each unit - Unallocated area that should not be shared;
16、公用建筑面积=整幢建筑面积-套内建筑面积和-不应分摊的建筑面积;
17. The shared public building area = the net building area of the unit × the shared building area allocation coefficient;
17、公摊的公用建筑面积=套内建筑面积×公用建筑面积分摊系数;
18. Common area allocation coefficient: Common area area ÷ Sum of interior area of each unit;
18、公用建筑面积分摊系数:公用建筑面积÷套内建筑面积之和;
19. The shared public building area includes: lobby, public hall, corridors, passageways, communal toilets, elevator lobby, stairwells, elevator shafts, elevator machine rooms, garbage chutes, pipe shafts, fire control rooms, fire escape routes, pump rooms, water tank rooms, refrigeration machine rooms, power distribution rooms, gas pressure regulating rooms, air conditioning rooms, elevator maintenance rooms, duty guard rooms, satellite receiving rooms, etc.
19、分摊的公用建筑面积包括:大堂、公共大厅、走廊、过道、共厕、电梯前厅、楼梯间、电梯井、电梯机房、垃圾道、管道井、消防控制室、消防通道、水泵房、水箱间、冷冻机房、配电室、煤气调压室、空调房、电梯工休息室、值班警卫室、卫星接收机房等;
20. Unrecorded shared area: warehouses, garages, driveways, heating boiler rooms, civil defense basements, property management offices, self-operated and self-used houses of the selling unit, guard rooms serving multiple buildings.
20、不记入的公摊面积:仓库、车库、车道、供暖锅炉房、人防地下室、物管用房、售房单位自营、自用房屋、多幢房屋服务的警卫室;
21. Utilization rate = Gross floor area of the unit ÷ Total floor area of the residence;
21、实用率=套内建筑面积÷住宅建筑面积;
22. Utilization rate = usable area / residential area. Generally, for high-rise buildings, it ranges from 72% to 75%, while for block-style buildings, it is between 78% and 80%;
22、使用率=使用面积÷住宅面积,一般高层塔楼在72%至75%之间,板楼在78%至80%之间;
it is less than the utilization rate.
小于实用率;
23. Basement:
23、地下室:
It means that the height of the room floor below the outdoor ground level exceeds half of the room's net height.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／2;
24. Partial Basement:
24、半地下室:
It means that the height of the room floor below the outdoor ground level exceeds one third of the room's net height, but does not exceed one half.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／3,且不超过1／2;
25. Balcony:
25、阳台:
A space for residents to carry out outdoor activities / dry clothes, etc.
供居住者进行室外活动/晾晒衣物等的空间;
26. Platform:
26、平台:
The upper roof surface or the part extending outdoors from the ground level of the residence for the purpose of outdoor activities by the occupants;
供居住者进行室外活动的上屋面或由住宅底层地面伸出室外的部分;
27. Standard Floor:
27、标准层:
Refers to the residential floors with the same floor plan;
指平面布置相同的住宅楼层;
28. Middle Layer:
28、中间层:
The floor between the ground floor and the top residential entrance floor.
底层和最高住户入口层之间的中间楼层.
III. Real Estate Industry Terminology:
三、房地产行业术语:
(1) Indoor Facilities:
（一）室内设施:
Four types of energy: heating, gas, water heater, air conditioner;
1、 四气:暖气、煤气、热水器、空调;
2. Complete set: Household appliances (TV, refrigerator, washing machine) and furniture (bed, wardrobe, sofa, TV stand, integrated cabinet);
2、 全齐:家电(电视、冰箱、洗衣机)和家具(床、衣柜、沙发、电视柜、整体橱柜);
(2) Classification of Renovation:
(二)装修分类:
1. Mao Pi: Cement floor, cement wall;
1、 毛 坯:水泥地、水泥墙;
2. Decoration: Ceramic tiles, white walls;
2、 简 装 修:地砖、白墙;
3. Decoration: Ceramic tiles, wooden floors;
3、 中 装 修:大地砖、木地板;
4. Decoration: Wooden flooring, door and window casings;
4、 精 装 修:木地板、包门、包窗;
5. Luxurious decoration: The interior design is modern and the materials used are of high quality.
5、 豪华装修:装修前卫、用料讲究;
(3) Floor Plan and Area:
(三)户型及面积:
1. One-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 30 - 50 square meters;
1、 一居室:公房面积:30-50平米;
Commercial housing area: 40 - 60 square meters;
商品房面积:40-60平米;
2. Two-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 50 - 70 square meters;
2、 二居室:公房面积:50-70平米;
Commercial housing area: 70 - 100 square meters;
商品房面积:70-100平米;
3. Three-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 60 - 90 square meters;
3、 三居室:公房面积:60-90平米;
Commercial housing area: 110 - 150 square meters;
商品房面积:110-150平米;
4. Multi-level: A house design where the floor levels jump from one to another, such as 1st floor to 2nd floor, 3rd floor to 4th floor, etc.
4、 越层:房屋使用层跳跃的房型,如一越二,三越四等;
5. Staircase-style layout: A floor-plan in which the floors of a house are unevenly distributed.
5、 错层:房屋内地面错落的房型;
(4) Floor and Orientation:
(四) 楼层及朝向:
1. Floor description: The multi-story building has 6 floors, and the floor where the house is located is the 3rd floor, which is abbreviated as 3/6.
1、 楼层描述,多层楼房为6层,房屋所在层3层,简写3/6;
Pros and Cons:
优劣:
In buildings, there is a saying about the optimal floor numbers: "Gold for the third floor, silver for the fourth floor", meaning that the third floor is the best and the fourth floor is the second best.
楼房中多层楼有“金三银四”的说法,即六层楼三层最佳,四层次之;
The prices of the higher floors in high-rise buildings are also higher, except for the top floors in second-hand houses.
高层楼中楼层较高的价位也较高,但二手房中顶楼除外;
2. Orientation (based on the direction corresponding to the main bedroom window): The orientation of multi-story buildings is mostly north-south or east-west.
2、 朝向(以主卧室窗户所对应的方向为准)多层楼朝向多为南北正向或东西侧向;
The orientation of high-rise buildings is similar to that of multi-story buildings.
高层板楼与多层楼的朝向相似;
The high-rise towers are mostly quadrangular in shape, and their orientations are mostly southeast, southwest, northeast, northwest, and various oblique directions.
高层塔楼多为四角,其朝向多为东南、西南、东北、西北及各种斜向;
IV. Characteristics of Real Estate:
四、房地产特性:
(1) Immobility;
(一) 不可移动性;
(2) Uniqueness;
(二) 独一无二性;
(3) Longevity and Durability;
(三) 寿命长久性;
(4) Limited Quantity;
(四) 数量有限性;
(5) Diversity of Uses;
(五) 用途多样性;
(6) Mutual Influence;
(六) 相互影响性;
(7) Subject to significant influence from policies and the market;
(七) 受政策\市场影响大;
(8) High value;
(八) 标的高;
(9) Slow cash flow;
(九) 变现慢;
(10) Preservation and Appreciation of Value;
(十)保值增值性;
V. House Classification and Detailed Explanation:
五、房屋分类及详解:
(1) Classified by the number of floors in the residence:
(一) 按住宅层数划分:
1. Lower floors: The number of floors is 1 to 3.
1、 低层:层数为1-3层;
2. Multi-layer: The number of layers is 4 to 6.
2、 多层:层数为4-6层;
3. Mid-to-high-rise: The building has 7 to 9 floors.
3、 中高层:层数为7-9层;
4. High-rise: Above 10 floors;
4、 高层:10层以上;
(2) Classified by usage nature:
(二) 按使用性质划分:
1. Productive buildings;
1、 生产性建筑;
factories, workshops, etc.
厂房、车间等；
2. Non-productive buildings;
2、 非生产性建筑;
Residential buildings: such as houses, etc.
居住建筑:如住宅等;
Public buildings: such as offices, cultural and sports facilities, transportation facilities, etc.
公共建筑:如办公、文体、交通等;
(III) Classification by Structural Type:
(三) 按结构类型划分:
1. Brick-concrete structure: In this type of building, the vertical load-bearing components are made of brick walls or brick columns, while the horizontal load-bearing components are constructed with reinforced concrete floor slabs and roof slabs.
1、 砖混结构:这类建筑物的竖向承重构件采用砖墙或砖柱，水平承重构件采用钢筋混凝土楼板、屋顶板。
This structure has small rooms and a low number of floors, and is typically used in multi-story buildings.
这种结构房间小、层数低，一般用于多层建筑中；
2. Frame Structure: This type of structure's load-bearing components are formed by beams, slabs and columns made of reinforced concrete or steel, and can be used for high-rise buildings.
2、 框架结构:这种结构的承重部分是由钢筋混凝土或钢材制作的梁、板、柱形成的骨架，可用于小高层建筑;
3. Reinforced concrete shear wall structure;
3、 钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构;
The vertical load-bearing components and horizontal load-bearing components of this type of building are all made of reinforced concrete, and it is commonly used in high-rise buildings.
这类建筑物的竖向承重构件和水平承重构件均采用钢筋混凝土制作，多用于高层建筑
4. Spatial structure: Includes: grid structure, grid frame structure, shell structure, etc.
4、 空间结构:包括:县索结构、网架结构、壳体结构等。
Examples include stadiums and grand theaters.
如体育馆、大剧院等；
(4) Classified by building materials:
(四) 按建筑材料划分:
1. Brick-concrete: Red bricks and cement;
1、 砖混:红砖与水泥;
The main load-bearing components are constructed using bricks and concrete.
承重的主要构件是用砖和混凝土建造的;
2. Steel and concrete: Cast-in-place, extremely sturdy;
2、 钢混:浇注、最为结实;
The main load-bearing components are constructed with steel and reinforced concrete.
承重的主要构件是用钢、钢筋混凝土建造的;
3. Prefabricated slabs: Prefabricated concrete slabs and reinforcing bars;
3、 预制板:预制的混凝土板与钢筋;
The main load-bearing components are constructed with reinforced concrete.
承重的主要构件是用钢筋混凝土建造的.
This includes buildings with thin-shell structures, large formwork cast-in-place structures, and reinforced concrete structures constructed using sliding forms or lift-up slabs.
包括薄壳结构、大模板现浇结构及使用滑模、升板等建造的钢筋混凝土结构的建筑物;
(5) Classified by the appearance of the building type:
(五) 按楼型外观划分:
1. Office Building:
1、 板楼:
It refers to a type of residential building composed of multiple residential units, each of which has stairs or both stairs and elevators;
是指由多个住宅单元组合而成,每单元均设有楼梯或楼梯、电梯皆有的住宅;
each unit has its own separate stairs and elevators.
每个单元用自己单独的楼梯、电梯;
The basic forms of high-rise buildings: Multi-storey: below 6 floors;
板楼基本形式:多 层:６层以下;
Mid-rise: within 7-12 floors;
小高层:7-12层以内;
High-rise: 13-18 floors;
高层:13-18层;
Super high-rise: above 18 floors and even higher.
超高层:18层以上甚至更高;
2. Tower:
2、 塔楼:
It mainly refers to high-rise residential buildings where multiple housing units are arranged around a common staircase or elevator.
主要是指以共用楼梯、电梯为核心布置多套住房的高层住宅.
In simple terms, the tower is centered around the elevator and staircase, and after reaching the floor, one can directly enter the apartment by walking in any direction.
通俗地说,塔楼以电梯、楼梯为布局核心,上到楼层之后,向四面走可以直接进入户内;
The basic forms of the towers: butterfly type, pyramid type, Z-shaped type, tower plate combination, cross type, square tower.
塔楼基本形式:蝶型、品字型、Z字型、塔板结合、十字型、方形塔楼;
Addition: Apartment buildings: The bathrooms and kitchens are shared collectively.
补充：筒子楼:卫生间、厨房都集体公用；
Office building: For office use;
写字楼:办公使用;
(6) Classified by house layout:
(六) 按房屋户型划分:
1. One-bedroom apartment;
1、 一居室;
One bedroom
一卧室;
2. Two-bedroom apartment;
2、 二居室;
Two bedrooms
二卧室;
3. Three-bedroom apartment;
3、 三居室;
Three bedrooms
三卧室;
4. Multiple bedrooms;
4、 多居室;
Multiple rooms
多卧室;
5. Misalignment: This refers to a situation where a house is not on the same level, meaning that the living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, and balcony within the house are located on several different levels of elevation.
5、 错 层:主要指的是一套房子不处于同一平面，即房内的厅、卧、卫、厨、阳台处于几个高度不同的平面上。
6. Split-level: A split-level house consists of two floors, with an internal staircase connecting the upper and lower levels.
6、 跃 层:跃层住宅是一套住宅占两个楼层,有内部楼梯联系上下层;
Usually, the living room, kitchen, dining room, and bathroom are located on the first floor, and at least one bedroom is also provided.
一般在首层安排起居室、厨房、餐厅、卫生间,最好有一间卧室,二层安排卧室、书房和卫生间等。
On the second floor, there are bedrooms, study rooms, and bathrooms, etc.
7. Duplex: In terms of concept, a duplex residence is considered as one floor, but it has a higher floor height than a regular house. Partially, a mezzanine can be excavated to accommodate bedrooms or study areas, and these areas are connected by stairs.
7、 复 式:复式住宅在概念上是一层，但层高较普通的住宅高，可在局部掏出夹层，安排卧室或书房等内容，用楼梯联系上下。
The purpose is to increase the utilization rate of the residential space.
其目的是提高住宅空间利用率。
(7) Classified by property rights nature:
(七) 按产权性质划分:
1. Commercial housing: Refers to the houses constructed by various real estate development companies for profit purposes and operated in accordance with market rules.
1、 商品房：指各房地产开发公司投资兴建的，以赢利为目的，按市场规律经营的房子；
Classification:
分类：
(1) Ordinary Residential Buildings:
(1) 普通住宅:
Floor area ratio of 1.0 (inclusive) or above;
容积率1.0(含1.0)以上;
The building area is less than 140 square meters.
建筑面积在140平方米以下;
The transaction price is less than 1.2 times the average transaction price of similar-level land-based housing.
成交价低于同级别土地住房平均交易价格1.2倍以下;
(2) Non-residential properties:
(2) 非普通住宅:
Building A;
甲宅;
24-hour elevators, security services, and the property management fee is relatively high.
24小时电梯、保安，物业费较高；
Apartment;
公寓;
Commercial housing, 24-hour elevators, security guards, 24-hour hot water supply from pipelines;
商品房、24小时电梯、保安、24小时管道热水；
Villa: (Single-family, row house, duplex, terraced house) Generally located in more remote areas.
别墅:(独栋、联排、双拼、叠拼)一般较为偏远;
(3) Sales qualifications for commercial housing: The sale of commercial housing requires the possession of the following five certificates: The "State-owned Land Use Certificate", "Construction Land Planning Permit", "Construction Engineering Planning Permit", "Construction Engineering Construction Permit", and "Commercial Housing Pre-sale Permit".
(3) 商品房销售资质:商品房销售须具备以下五证：《国有土地使用证》、《建设用地规划可证》、《建设工程规划许可证》、《建筑工程施工许可证》、《商品房预销售许可证》；
2. Purchased Public Housing:
2、 已购公房:
Ordinary Public Housing: Refers to the public housing originally owned by the unit but purchased by the unit's employees at cost price, standard price or discounted price in accordance with the relevant housing sale policies of the state.
普通公房: 指按照国家房改有关售房政策,单位职工按成本价、标准价或优惠价购买的原产权属于单位的公有住房.
These are the housing projects built by the unit and the housing constructed through collective fundraising and cooperative construction that were purchased by the employees at cost price or standard price in accordance with national policies.
职工根据国家政策,按成本价或标准价购买的由单位建设的安居工程和集资合作建设的住房;
State-owned housing: Refers to the public housing that was purchased by employees of units in accordance with the relevant housing reform policies of the state. These were originally owned by central government units in Beijing, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, and the administrative organs of various ministries and commissions of the State Council.
央产房: 指按照国家房改有关售房政策,单位职工按成本价、标准价或优惠价购买的原产权属于中央在京单位,国有大中型企业及国务院各部委机关的公有住房.
Employees follow the national policies.
职工根据国家政策
I. Concepts Related to Real Estate
一、房地产相关概念
(1) Definition of Real Estate: Real estate is also known as immovable property. It refers to land, buildings, and the parts that are firmly attached to the land and buildings and cannot be separated.
(一) 房地产概念:房地产又称不动产,是指土地、建筑物及固着在土地、建筑物上不可分离的部分.
Among these, the parts that cannot be separated, such as trees and plumbing equipment, are included.
其中不可分离的部分,如树木、水暖设备等.
Real estate has three forms of existence:
房地产有三种存在形式:
1. Pure land;
1、 单纯的土地;
2. Simple buildings;
2、 单纯的建筑物;
3. Properties combining land and buildings;
3、 土地与建筑物结合的房产;
(2) Classification of the real estate market: Based on the characteristics of the development, sales and consumption process of real estate, the real estate market can be divided into:
(二) 房地产市场的分类:根据房地产开发,销售与消费过程特点,可以将房地产市场分为:
1. Primary market (land market)
1、 一级市场(土地市场);
2. Secondary market (market for newly built real estate)
2、 二级市场(房地产增量房市场);
3. The secondary market (the real estate resale market)
3、 三级市场(房地产存量房市场);
(III) Land and Land Ownership:
(三) 土地及土地所有权:
1. The concept of land: Generally refers to the ground, the space below the ground and within a certain range above the ground.
1、 土地的概念:一般是指地面、地面以下和地面以上一定范围的空间.
In real life, land is artificially divided and represents a specific area with a defined size.
现实生活中的土地是人为划分的,具有特定面积范围的地域.
2. Public ownership of land: According to the constitution, land ownership is divided into ownership by the entire people (state-owned land) and collective land ownership. Collective land can only be transferred after it is converted into state-owned land, and individuals and units only have the right to use the land.
2、 土地公有制:根据宪法规定,土地所有权分全民所有(国有土地)与集体土地所有权,集体转为国有才能转让,个人和单位只拥有土地的使用权;
3. During the validity period, the land use right can be leased, transferred or mortgaged.
3、 土地使用权在期限内可以出租、转让、抵押.
(4) Methods for obtaining land use rights:
(四) 土地使用权获取方式:
1. Transfer of Land Use Rights:
1、 土地使用权出让:
It refers to the act where the state grants the right to use state-owned land to the land user for a certain period of time, and the land user pays the land use right transfer fee to the state.
指国家将国有土地使用权在一定年限内出让给土地使用者,由土地使用者向国家支付土地使用权出让金的行为;
The transfer of land use rights can be carried out through three methods: bidding, auction, and negotiation between the parties.
土地使用权出让采用招标、拍卖、双方协议三种方式;
For six types of land use (commercial, entertainment, tourism, finance, service industry, and commercial housing), the methods of bidding and auction are adopted;
六类用地(商业、娱乐、旅游、金融、服务业、商品房)采用招标、拍卖的方式;
for old city renovation, the method of negotiation between the parties is used.
旧城改造采用双方协议的方式；
The term of land use rights for state-owned land: 40 years for commercial, tourism and entertainment land;
国有土地使用权出让年限：商业、旅游、娱乐用地40年;
50 years for industrial land, science and education land, culture and sports land, health and sports land, comprehensive or other land;
工业用地、科教、文体、卫生、体育用地、综合或其他用地50年;
70 years for housing land;
住房用地70年;
The term of land use rights for real estate has a direct impact on its value.
房地产的使用权年限对价值有直接影响.
2. Allocation of Land Use Rights:
2、 土地使用权划拨:
It refers to the act where the people's government at or above the county level, in accordance with the law, approves the transfer of the land to the land user after the land user has paid the compensation and resettlement fees, or delivers the land use right to the land user free of charge for use.
指县级以上人民政府依法批准,在土地使用者缴纳补偿、安置等费用后将该幅土地交付其使用,或者将土地使用权无偿交付给土地使用者使用的行为;
If the land use right is obtained through allocation, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations, there is no limit on the duration of use.
以划拨方式取得土地使用权的,除法律、行政法规另有规定外,没有使用期限的限制;
The following land use rights for construction sites are, in fact, indispensable and can be legally approved for allocation by the governments at or above the county level: land for national institutions and military purposes;
下列建设用地的土地使用权,确属必须的,可由县级以上人民政府依法批准划拨: 国家机关用地和军事用地;
Urban infrastructure land and public welfare land;
城市基础设施用地和公益事业用地;
Land for key projects supported by the state, such as energy, transportation, and water conservancy;
国家重点扶持的能源、交通、水利等项目用地;
Other land as stipulated by laws and administrative regulations;
法律、行政法规规定的其他用地;
(5) Architectural Concept
(五) 建筑概念
1. Architecture: The general term for buildings and structures;
1、 建筑:建筑物和构筑物的总称;
2. Narrowly-defined buildings: Refers to various types of houses, structures such as trees, elevators, plumbing equipment, etc.
2、 狭义建筑物:指各类房屋,构筑物如树木、电梯、水暖设备等;
3. Standards for qualified buildings: Practical, economical, and aesthetically pleasing;
3、 合格建筑物的标准:适用、经济、美观;
Applicable features: Safe, waterproof, soundproof, heat insulation and cold insulation, light transmission, complete functions, reasonable space layout.
适用:安全、防水、隔声、保温隔热、采光、功能齐全、空间格局合理;
Economy: Reasonable purchase price, low maintenance and repair costs, low energy consumption for heating and air conditioning.
经济:购置价格合理、维修保养、采暖、空调能耗不高;
Aesthetics: Architectural design, color appeal, harmony with the environment;
美观:建筑造型、色彩美感、与环境协调;
(6) Property Concept
(六) 物业概念
1. Property: In a broad sense, property refers to real estate. In a narrow sense, property includes various types of buildings and their attached equipment, facilities, and related sites.
1、 物业:广义的物业就是房地产,狭义的物业,包括各类房屋及其附属的设备、设施和相关场地;
All types of buildings: They can be building complexes, such as residential communities, or a single residence;
各类房屋:可以是建筑群,如住宅小区,也可以是一幢住宅;
Associated equipment, facilities and related sites: Refers to various indoor and outdoor facilities, municipal public facilities, road traffic, etc., that are compatible with the aforementioned buildings.
附属的设备、设施和相关场地:是指与上述建筑物相配套的室内外各类设施、市政公用设施、道路交通等;
II. House Construction Basics
二、房屋建筑常识
1. Floor Area Ratio:
1、 容积率:
The ratio of the total building area to the total land area is a technical and economic indicator that reflects the degree of land utilization, the intensity of use, and the economic efficiency.
总建筑面积与总用地面积的比值, 反映土地利用程度、使用强度及其经济性的技术经济指标;
Floor area ratio = Total building area ÷ Land area;
容积率=建筑总面积÷用地面积;
Generally speaking: Ordinary residences ≥ 1.0;
一般来讲:普通住宅≥1.0;
Non-ordinary residences < 1.0;
非普通住宅＜1.0;
2. Building Density:
2、 建筑密度:
The proportion of the total area of all building plots within the project site to the total site area.
项目用地范围内各种建筑用地面积总和占总用地面积的比例.
It can also be calculated as the total area of building footprints ÷ total site area, reflecting the vacant land ratio within the building area and the density of buildings.
也可以建筑物基底总面积÷总用地面积,反映建筑用地范围内的空地率和建筑物的密集程度;
3. Greening Rate:
3、 绿化率:
It refers to the ratio of the total area of green space within the project planning land to the total planned construction land area.
指项目规划用地范围内绿化用地总面积占规划建设用地面积的比例;
4. Green Space Ratio:
4、 绿地率:
It describes the ratio of the total area of all green spaces within the residential area to the area of the residential area itself.
描述的是居住区用地范围内各类绿地的总和与居住区用地的比率;
5. Floor Height:
5、 层高:
The height of a residence is measured in "floors", which refers to the distance between the floor surface or floor slab of the lower level and the upper floor level.
住宅高度以“层”为单位计算,是指下层地板面或楼板面到上层楼层面之间的距离.
6. Net height:
6、 净高:
It refers to the distance between the lower floor surface or the upper floor slab surface and the lower surface of the upper floor slab.
指下层地板面或楼板上表面到上层楼板下表面之间的距离.
Net height = Floor height - Floor thickness;
净高=层高-楼板厚度;
7. Depth:
7、 进深:
Refers to the length of a residence, which is the actual length between the front wall and the back wall of an individual house or a residential building. To ensure that residences have good natural lighting and ventilation conditions, currently in many urban residences in China, the depth of the rooms is generally limited to around 5 meters and cannot be arbitrarily expanded.
指住宅的长度,指一间独立的房屋或一幢居住建筑从前墙皮到后墙皮之间的实际长度,为了保证住宅具有良好的自然采光和通风条件,目前我国大量城镇住宅房间的进深一般都限定在5米左右,不能任意扩大.
If the depth of a residence is too large, the interior space far from the doors and windows will have insufficient natural light.
住宅进深过大,就是住宅成为狭长型,距离门窗较远的室内空间自然光线不足,但进深大的住宅可以有效的节约用地;
However, residences with a large depth can effectively save land.
8. Width:
8、 开间:
Refers to the width of a residence, which is the actual distance between one wall surface and another within a single room of a house. The opening width in residential design has strict regulations;
指住宅的宽度,指一间房屋内一面墙皮之间到另一面墙皮之间的实际距离,住宅的开间在住宅设计上有严格的规定;
a smaller opening width can shorten the inter-floor span of the floor slab, enhancing the overall integrity, stability and seismic resistance of the residential structure.
较小的开间范围,可缩短楼板的层间跨度,增强住宅结构的整体性、稳定性和抗震性;
9. Building Area:
9、 建筑面积:
It refers to the horizontal area enclosed by the outer walls of a building.
指建筑物外墙外围所围成空间的水平面积.
It includes the usable living area of the house, the area occupied by walls and columns, the area of stairways and corridors, and other shared areas.
包含了房屋居住可用的实用面积、墙体柱体占地面积、楼梯走道面积、其它公摊面积等;
10. Common Area:
10、公摊面积:
It refers to the total area of the building's stairs, elevator shafts, exterior walls, public lobbies, corridors, equipment rooms, the first-floor lobby, and some other supporting facilities within the community.
指建筑物的楼梯、电梯井、外墙、公共门厅、走道、设备间、首层大堂及小区内其它一些配套设施的面积总和;
11. Usage Area:
11、使用面积:
It is the net usable area for residents' daily life after deducting the shared area and the area occupied by walls and columns from the total building area. It is commonly known as the floor area.
它是建筑面积扣除公摊面积、及墙体柱体所占用的面积后的直接供住户生活的净使用面积,俗称地砖面积;
12. Floor Area:
12、占地面积:
The area occupied by the building foundation and its functions is also known as the red line area.
建筑物基底及其功能需要占用的面积,也叫红线面积;
13. The net building area = Net usable area + Net wall area + Balcony area (Terrace area is calculated as half the area).
13、套内建筑面积=套内使用面积+套内墙体面积+阳台建筑面积(露台面积按半面积计算);
14. Building area = Net building area + Shared area;
14、建筑面积=套内建筑面积+公摊面积;
15. Sales area = Net building area + Shared public building area;
15、销售面积=套内建筑面积+公摊的公用建筑面积;
Commercial housing is sold by "unit" or "block".
商品房按“套”或“单元”出售;
16. Common area floor area = Total building area - Internal area of each unit - Unallocated area that should not be shared;
16、公用建筑面积=整幢建筑面积-套内建筑面积和-不应分摊的建筑面积;
17. The shared public building area = the net building area of the unit × the shared building area allocation coefficient;
17、公摊的公用建筑面积=套内建筑面积×公用建筑面积分摊系数;
18. Common area allocation coefficient: Common area area ÷ Sum of interior area of each unit;
18、公用建筑面积分摊系数:公用建筑面积÷套内建筑面积之和;
19. The shared public building area includes: lobby, public hall, corridors, passageways, communal toilets, elevator lobby, stairwells, elevator shafts, elevator machine rooms, garbage chutes, pipe shafts, fire control rooms, fire escape routes, pump rooms, water tank rooms, refrigeration machine rooms, power distribution rooms, gas pressure regulating rooms, air conditioning rooms, elevator maintenance rooms, duty guard rooms, satellite receiving rooms, etc.
19、分摊的公用建筑面积包括:大堂、公共大厅、走廊、过道、共厕、电梯前厅、楼梯间、电梯井、电梯机房、垃圾道、管道井、消防控制室、消防通道、水泵房、水箱间、冷冻机房、配电室、煤气调压室、空调房、电梯工休息室、值班警卫室、卫星接收机房等;
20. Unrecorded shared area: warehouses, garages, driveways, heating boiler rooms, civil defense basements, property management offices, self-operated and self-used houses of the selling unit, guard rooms serving multiple buildings.
20、不记入的公摊面积:仓库、车库、车道、供暖锅炉房、人防地下室、物管用房、售房单位自营、自用房屋、多幢房屋服务的警卫室;
21. Utilization rate = Gross floor area of the unit ÷ Total floor area of the residence;
21、实用率=套内建筑面积÷住宅建筑面积;
22. Utilization rate = usable area / residential area. Generally, for high-rise buildings, it ranges from 72% to 75%, while for block-style buildings, it is between 78% and 80%;
22、使用率=使用面积÷住宅面积,一般高层塔楼在72%至75%之间,板楼在78%至80%之间;
it is less than the utilization rate.
小于实用率;
23. Basement:
23、地下室:
It means that the height of the room floor below the outdoor ground level exceeds half of the room's net height.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／2;
24. Partial Basement:
24、半地下室:
It means that the height of the room floor below the outdoor ground level exceeds one third of the room's net height, but does not exceed one half.
指房间地面低于室外地平面的高度超过该房间净高的1／3,且不超过1／2;
25. Balcony:
25、阳台:
A space for residents to carry out outdoor activities / dry clothes, etc.
供居住者进行室外活动/晾晒衣物等的空间;
26. Platform:
26、平台:
The upper roof surface or the part extending outdoors from the ground level of the residence for the purpose of outdoor activities by the occupants;
供居住者进行室外活动的上屋面或由住宅底层地面伸出室外的部分;
27. Standard Floor:
27、标准层:
Refers to the residential floors with the same floor plan;
指平面布置相同的住宅楼层;
28. Middle Layer:
28、中间层:
The floor between the ground floor and the top residential entrance floor.
底层和最高住户入口层之间的中间楼层.
III. Real Estate Industry Terminology:
三、房地产行业术语:
(1) Indoor Facilities:
（一）室内设施:
Four types of energy: heating, gas, water heater, air conditioner;
1、 四气:暖气、煤气、热水器、空调;
2. Complete set: Household appliances (TV, refrigerator, washing machine) and furniture (bed, wardrobe, sofa, TV stand, integrated cabinet);
2、 全齐:家电(电视、冰箱、洗衣机)和家具(床、衣柜、沙发、电视柜、整体橱柜);
(2) Classification of Renovation:
(二)装修分类:
1. Mao Pi: Cement floor, cement wall;
1、 毛 坯:水泥地、水泥墙;
2. Decoration: Ceramic tiles, white walls;
2、 简 装 修:地砖、白墙;
3. Decoration: Ceramic tiles, wooden floors;
3、 中 装 修:大地砖、木地板;
4. Decoration: Wooden flooring, door and window casings;
4、 精 装 修:木地板、包门、包窗;
5. Luxurious decoration: The interior design is modern and the materials used are of high quality.
5、 豪华装修:装修前卫、用料讲究;
(3) Floor Plan and Area:
(三)户型及面积:
1. One-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 30 - 50 square meters;
1、 一居室:公房面积:30-50平米;
Commercial housing area: 40 - 60 square meters;
商品房面积:40-60平米;
2. Two-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 50 - 70 square meters;
2、 二居室:公房面积:50-70平米;
Commercial housing area: 70 - 100 square meters;
商品房面积:70-100平米;
3. Three-bedroom apartment: Public housing area: 60 - 90 square meters;
3、 三居室:公房面积:60-90平米;
Commercial housing area: 110 - 150 square meters;
商品房面积:110-150平米;
4. Multi-level: A house design where the floor levels jump from one to another, such as 1st floor to 2nd floor, 3rd floor to 4th floor, etc.
4、 越层:房屋使用层跳跃的房型,如一越二,三越四等;
5. Staircase-style layout: A floor-plan in which the floors of a house are unevenly distributed.
5、 错层:房屋内地面错落的房型;
(4) Floor and Orientation:
(四) 楼层及朝向:
1. Floor description: The multi-story building has 6 floors, and the floor where the house is located is the 3rd floor, which is abbreviated as 3/6.
1、 楼层描述,多层楼房为6层,房屋所在层3层,简写3/6;
Pros and Cons:
优劣:
In buildings, there is a saying about the optimal floor numbers: "Gold for the third floor, silver for the fourth floor", meaning that the third floor is the best and the fourth floor is the second best.
楼房中多层楼有“金三银四”的说法,即六层楼三层最佳,四层次之;
The prices of the higher floors in high-rise buildings are also higher, except for the top floors in second-hand houses.
高层楼中楼层较高的价位也较高,但二手房中顶楼除外;
2. Orientation (based on the direction corresponding to the main bedroom window): The orientation of multi-story buildings is mostly north-south or east-west.
2、 朝向(以主卧室窗户所对应的方向为准)多层楼朝向多为南北正向或东西侧向;
The orientation of high-rise buildings is similar to that of multi-story buildings.
高层板楼与多层楼的朝向相似;
The high-rise towers are mostly quadrangular in shape, and their orientations are mostly southeast, southwest, northeast, northwest, and various oblique directions.
高层塔楼多为四角,其朝向多为东南、西南、东北、西北及各种斜向;
IV. Characteristics of Real Estate:
四、房地产特性:
(1) Immobility;
(一) 不可移动性;
(2) Uniqueness;
(二) 独一无二性;
(3) Longevity and Durability;
(三) 寿命长久性;
(4) Limited Quantity;
(四) 数量有限性;
(5) Diversity of Uses;
(五) 用途多样性;
(6) Mutual Influence;
(六) 相互影响性;
(7) Subject to significant influence from policies and the market;
(七) 受政策\市场影响大;
(8) High value;
(八) 标的高;
(9) Slow cash flow;
(九) 变现慢;
(10) Preservation and Appreciation of Value;
(十)保值增值性;
V. House Classification and Detailed Explanation:
五、房屋分类及详解:
(1) Classified by the number of floors in the residence:
(一) 按住宅层数划分:
1. Lower floors: The number of floors is 1 to 3.
1、 低层:层数为1-3层;
2. Multi-layer: The number of layers is 4 to 6.
2、 多层:层数为4-6层;
3. Mid-to-high-rise: The building has 7 to 9 floors.
3、 中高层:层数为7-9层;
4. High-rise: Above 10 floors;
4、 高层:10层以上;
(2) Classified by usage nature:
(二) 按使用性质划分:
1. Productive buildings;
1、 生产性建筑;
factories, workshops, etc.
厂房、车间等；
2. Non-productive buildings;
2、 非生产性建筑;
Residential buildings: such as houses, etc.
居住建筑:如住宅等;
Public buildings: such as offices, cultural and sports facilities, transportation facilities, etc.
公共建筑:如办公、文体、交通等;
(III) Classification by Structural Type:
(三) 按结构类型划分:
1. Brick-concrete structure: In this type of building, the vertical load-bearing components are made of brick walls or brick columns, while the horizontal load-bearing components are constructed with reinforced concrete floor slabs and roof slabs.
1、 砖混结构:这类建筑物的竖向承重构件采用砖墙或砖柱，水平承重构件采用钢筋混凝土楼板、屋顶板。
This structure has small rooms and a low number of floors, and is typically used in multi-story buildings.
这种结构房间小、层数低，一般用于多层建筑中；
2. Frame Structure: This type of structure's load-bearing components are formed by beams, slabs and columns made of reinforced concrete or steel, and can be used for high-rise buildings.
2、 框架结构:这种结构的承重部分是由钢筋混凝土或钢材制作的梁、板、柱形成的骨架，可用于小高层建筑;
3. Reinforced concrete shear wall structure;
3、 钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构;
The vertical load-bearing components and horizontal load-bearing components of this type of building are all made of reinforced concrete, and it is commonly used in high-rise buildings.
这类建筑物的竖向承重构件和水平承重构件均采用钢筋混凝土制作，多用于高层建筑
4. Spatial structure: Includes: grid structure, grid frame structure, shell structure, etc.
4、 空间结构:包括:县索结构、网架结构、壳体结构等。
Examples include stadiums and grand theaters.
如体育馆、大剧院等；
(4) Classified by building materials:
(四) 按建筑材料划分:
1. Brick-concrete: Red bricks and cement;
1、 砖混:红砖与水泥;
The main load-bearing components are constructed using bricks and concrete.
承重的主要构件是用砖和混凝土建造的;
2. Steel and concrete: Cast-in-place, extremely sturdy;
2、 钢混:浇注、最为结实;
The main load-bearing components are constructed with steel and reinforced concrete.
承重的主要构件是用钢、钢筋混凝土建造的;
3. Prefabricated slabs: Prefabricated concrete slabs and reinforcing bars;
3、 预制板:预制的混凝土板与钢筋;
The main load-bearing components are constructed with reinforced concrete.
承重的主要构件是用钢筋混凝土建造的.
This includes buildings with thin-shell structures, large formwork cast-in-place structures, and reinforced concrete structures constructed using sliding forms or lift-up slabs.
包括薄壳结构、大模板现浇结构及使用滑模、升板等建造的钢筋混凝土结构的建筑物;
(5) Classified by the appearance of the building type:
(五) 按楼型外观划分:
1. Office Building:
1、 板楼:
It refers to a type of residential building composed of multiple residential units, each of which has stairs or both stairs and elevators;
是指由多个住宅单元组合而成,每单元均设有楼梯或楼梯、电梯皆有的住宅;
each unit has its own separate stairs and elevators.
每个单元用自己单独的楼梯、电梯;
The basic forms of high-rise buildings: Multi-storey: below 6 floors;
板楼基本形式:多 层:６层以下;
Mid-rise: within 7-12 floors;
小高层:7-12层以内;
High-rise: 13-18 floors;
高层:13-18层;
Super high-rise: above 18 floors and even higher.
超高层:18层以上甚至更高;
2. Tower:
2、 塔楼:
It mainly refers to high-rise residential buildings where multiple housing units are arranged around a common staircase or elevator.
主要是指以共用楼梯、电梯为核心布置多套住房的高层住宅.
In simple terms, the tower is centered around the elevator and staircase, and after reaching the floor, one can directly enter the apartment by walking in any direction.
通俗地说,塔楼以电梯、楼梯为布局核心,上到楼层之后,向四面走可以直接进入户内;
The basic forms of the towers: butterfly type, pyramid type, Z-shaped type, tower plate combination, cross type, square tower.
塔楼基本形式:蝶型、品字型、Z字型、塔板结合、十字型、方形塔楼;
Addition: Apartment buildings: The bathrooms and kitchens are shared collectively.
补充：筒子楼:卫生间、厨房都集体公用；
Office building: For office use;
写字楼:办公使用;
(6) Classified by house layout:
(六) 按房屋户型划分:
1. One-bedroom apartment;
1、 一居室;
One bedroom
一卧室;
2. Two-bedroom apartment;
2、 二居室;
Two bedrooms
二卧室;
3. Three-bedroom apartment;
3、 三居室;
Three bedrooms
三卧室;
4. Multiple bedrooms;
4、 多居室;
Multiple rooms
多卧室;
5. Misalignment: This refers to a situation where a house is not on the same level, meaning that the living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, and balcony within the house are located on several different levels of elevation.
5、 错 层:主要指的是一套房子不处于同一平面，即房内的厅、卧、卫、厨、阳台处于几个高度不同的平面上。
6. Split-level: A split-level house consists of two floors, with an internal staircase connecting the upper and lower levels.
6、 跃 层:跃层住宅是一套住宅占两个楼层,有内部楼梯联系上下层;
Usually, the living room, kitchen, dining room, and bathroom are located on the first floor, and at least one bedroom is also provided.
一般在首层安排起居室、厨房、餐厅、卫生间,最好有一间卧室,二层安排卧室、书房和卫生间等。
On the second floor, there are bedrooms, study rooms, and bathrooms, etc.
7. Duplex: In terms of concept, a duplex residence is considered as one floor, but it has a higher floor height than a regular house. Partially, a mezzanine can be excavated to accommodate bedrooms or study areas, and these areas are connected by stairs.
7、 复 式:复式住宅在概念上是一层，但层高较普通的住宅高，可在局部掏出夹层，安排卧室或书房等内容，用楼梯联系上下。
The purpose is to increase the utilization rate of the residential space.
其目的是提高住宅空间利用率。
(7) Classified by property rights nature:
(七) 按产权性质划分:
1. Commercial housing: Refers to the houses constructed by various real estate development companies for profit purposes and operated in accordance with market rules.
1、 商品房：指各房地产开发公司投资兴建的，以赢利为目的，按市场规律经营的房子；
Classification:
分类：
(1) Ordinary Residential Buildings:
(1) 普通住宅:
Floor area ratio of 1.0 (inclusive) or above;
容积率1.0(含1.0)以上;
The building area is less than 140 square meters.
建筑面积在140平方米以下;
The transaction price is less than 1.2 times the average transaction price of similar-level land-based housing.
成交价低于同级别土地住房平均交易价格1.2倍以下;
(2) Non-residential properties:
(2) 非普通住宅:
Building A;
甲宅;
24-hour elevators, security services, and the property management fee is relatively high.
24小时电梯、保安，物业费较高；
Apartment;
公寓;
Commercial housing, 24-hour elevators, security guards, 24-hour hot water supply from pipelines;
商品房、24小时电梯、保安、24小时管道热水；
Villa: (Single-family, row house, duplex, terraced house) Generally located in more remote areas.
别墅:(独栋、联排、双拼、叠拼)一般较为偏远;
(3) Sales qualifications for commercial housing: The sale of commercial housing requires the possession of the following five certificates: The "State-owned Land Use Certificate", "Construction Land Planning Permit", "Construction Engineering Planning Permit", "Construction Engineering Construction Permit", and "Commercial Housing Pre-sale Permit".
(3) 商品房销售资质:商品房销售须具备以下五证：《国有土地使用证》、《建设用地规划可证》、《建设工程规划许可证》、《建筑工程施工许可证》、《商品房预销售许可证》；
2. Purchased Public Housing:
2、 已购公房:
Ordinary Public Housing: Refers to the public housing originally owned by the unit but purchased by the unit's employees at cost price, standard price or discounted price in accordance with the relevant housing sale policies of the state.
普通公房: 指按照国家房改有关售房政策,单位职工按成本价、标准价或优惠价购买的原产权属于单位的公有住房.
These are the housing projects built by the unit and the housing constructed through collective fundraising and cooperative construction that were purchased by the employees at cost price or standard price in accordance with national policies.
职工根据国家政策,按成本价或标准价购买的由单位建设的安居工程和集资合作建设的住房;
State-owned housing: Refers to the public housing that was purchased by employees of units in accordance with the relevant housing reform policies of the state. These were originally owned by central government units in Beijing, large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, and the administrative organs of various ministries and commissions of the State Council.
央产房: 指按照国家房改有关售房政策,单位职工按成本价、标准价或优惠价购买的原产权属于中央在京单位,国有大中型企业及国务院各部委机关的公有住房.
Employees follow the national policies.
职工根据国家政策
声明：本文由入驻焦点开放平台的作者撰写，除焦点官方账号外，观点仅代表作者本人，不代表焦点立场。
